SOCIAL dancing links African-Americans to their African past more strongly than any other aspect of their culture.
This is hardly surprising, because dance was (and is today) of central importance in West Africa. It is not only a routine communal activity, but an integral part of ceremonies that bind groups together as a people. It links one's personal identity to that of the
group; events throughout the life cycle of the individual and the community are commemorated in dance: fattening house dances, fertility dances, and rite-of-
passage dances.
Dance also serves as a mediating force between people and the world of the gods. Specific dances and rhythms were appropriate for particular deities; com
monly, a specific rhythm is assigned to every mask and every step that the dancers perform. 2 Indeed, dance so much a part of the philosophy, customs, and sense of place that eliminating it would radically alter the African view of the universe.
Although dances unrelated to ritual exist today in West Africa, most traditional dances have been connected to or are performed during religious ceremonies. Since virtually all such ceremonies are public events, officials such as chiefs, elders, and priests must be able dancers. Those deficient in skill undergo
several months of instruction before assuming office. We can say without exaggeration that dance competency, if not proficiency, is required of all individuals in traditional West African society.
The pervasive nature of West African dance inevitably drew it into the struggle between slavers and their captives. Capture and brutal treatment brought psy
chological and cultural transformation, but beyond that, European and American slavers hoped to destroy independent cultural expression among their new ac
quisitions. They attempted to appropriate dance and reshape it into an instrument of domination. This section is concerned with the slaves' ability to retain or
transmute elements of their African cultures in their new environment.
Capture, branding, sale, and especially the dread "middle passage" across the Atlantic were unlike anything the captive Africans had previously experienced.
The horror of the experience could only be increased by its unpredictability. Imagine the bewilderment of people herded together for a purpose and a destination they could only speculate about. Surrounded by a variety of African languages (Yoruba, Ibo, Wolof, Bam for more |